Moon Gets A Lashing From Earth's Magnetotail

Behold the full moon. Ancient craters and frozen lava seas lie motionless under an airless sky of profound quiet. It’s a serene, slow-motion world where even a human footprint may last millions of years. Nothing ever seems to happen there, right?
Wrong.
NASA-supported scientists have realized that something happens every month when the moon gets a lashing from Earth’s magnetic tail.
“Earth’s magnetotail extends well beyond the orbit of the moon and, once a month, the moon orbits through it,” says Tim Stubbs, a University of Maryland scientist working at the Goddard Space Flight Center. “This can have consequences ranging from lunar ‘dust storms’ to electrostatic discharges.”
Yes, Earth does have a magnetic tail. It is an extension of the same familiar magnetic field we experience when using a Boy Scout compass to find our way around Earth’s surface. Our entire planet is enveloped in a bubble of magnetism, which springs from a molten dynamo in Earth’s core. Out in space, the solar wind presses against this bubble and stretches it, creating a long “magnetotail” in the downwind direction.
Anyone can tell when the moon is inside the magnetotail. Just look: “If the moon is full, it is inside the magnetotail,” says Stubbs. “The moon enters the magnetotail three days before it is full and takes about six days to cross and exit on the other side.”
It is during those six days that strange things can happen.
During the crossing, the moon comes in contact with a gigantic “plasma sheet” of hot charged particles trapped in the tail. The lightest and most mobile of these particles, electrons, pepper the moon’s surface and give the moon a negative charge.
On the moon’s dayside this effect is counteracted to a degree by sunlight: UV photons knock electrons back off the surface, keeping the build-up of charge at relatively low levels. But on the nightside, in the cold lunar dark, electrons accumulate and surface voltages can climb to hundreds or thousands of volts.
Imagine what it feels like to be a sock pulled crackling from a dryer. Astronauts on the moon during a magnetotail crossing might be able to tell you. Walking across the dusty charged-up lunar terrain, the astronauts themselves would gather a load of excess charge. Touching another astronaut, a doorknob, a piece of sensitive electronics -- any of these simple actions could produce an unwelcome discharge. “Proper grounding is strongly recommended,” says Stubbs.
The ground, meanwhile, might leap into the sky. There’s growing evidence that fine particles of moondust might actually float, ejected from the lunar surface by electrostatic repulsion. This could create a temporary nighttime atmosphere of dust ready to blacken spacesuits, clog machinery, scratch faceplates (moondust is very abrasive) and generally make life difficult for astronauts.
Stranger still, moondust might gather itself into a sort of diaphanous wind. Drawn by differences in global charge accumulation, floating dust would naturally fly from the strongly-negative nightside to the weakly-negative dayside. This “dust storm” effect would be strongest at the moon’s terminator, the dividing line between day and night.
Much of this is pure speculation, Stubbs cautions. No one can say for sure what happens on the moon when the magnetotail hits, because no one has been there at the crucial time. “Apollo astronauts never landed on a full moon and they never experienced the magnetotail.”
The best direct evidence comes from NASA’s Lunar Prospector spacecraft, which orbited the moon in 1998-99 and monitored many magnetotail crossings. During some crossings, the spacecraft sensed big changes in the lunar nightside voltage, jumping “typically from -200 V to -1000 V,” says Jasper Halekas of UC Berkeley who has been studying the decade-old data.
“It is important to note,” says Halekas, “that the plasma sheet (where all the electrons come from) is a very dynamic structure. The plasma sheet is in a constant state of motion, flapping up and down all the time. So as the moon orbits through the magnetotail, the plasma sheet can sweep across it many times. Depending on how dynamic things are, we can encounter the plasma sheet many times during a single pass through the magnetotail with encounters lasting anywhere from minutes to hours or even days.”
“As a result, you can imagine how dynamic the charging environment on the moon is. The moon can be just sitting there in a quiet region of the magnetotail and then suddenly all this hot plasma goes sweeping by causing the nightside potential to spike to a kilovolt. Then it drops back again just as quickly.”
The roller coaster of charge would be at its most dizzying during solar and geomagnetic storms. “That is a very dynamic time for the plasma sheet and we need to study what happens then,” he says.
What happens then? Next-generation astronauts are going to find out. NASA is returning to the moon in the decades ahead and plans to establish an outpost for long-term lunar exploration. It turns out they’ll be exploring the magnetotail, too.
Using Laser Beams And Electric Fields, NASA Researchers Probe Curious Behavior Of Moondust

ScienceDaily (Nov. 28, 2005) — Each morning, Mian Abbas enters his laboratory and sits down to examine--a single mote of dust. Zen-like, he studies the same speck suspended inside a basketball-sized vacuum chamber for as long as 10 to 12 days.
The microscopic object of his rapt attention is not just any old dust particle. It's moondust. One by one, Abbas is measuring properties of individual dust grains returned by Apollo 17 astronauts in 1972 and the Russian Luna-24 sample-return spacecraft that landed on the Moon in 1976.
"Experiments on single grains are helping us understand some of the strange and complex properties of moondust," says Abbas. This knowledge is important. According to NASA's Vision for Space Exploration, astronauts will be back on the moon by 2018--and they'll have to deal with lots of moondust.
The dozen Apollo astronauts who walked on the moon between 1969 and 1972 were all surprised by how "sticky" moondust was. Dust got on everything, fouling tools and spacesuits. Equipment blackened by dust absorbed sunlight and tended to overheat. It was a real problem.
Many researchers believe that moondust has a severe case of static cling: it's electrically charged. In the lunar daytime, intense ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun knocks electrons out of the powdery grit. Dust grains on the moon's daylit surface thus become positively charged.
Eventually, the repulsive charges become so strong that grains are launched off the surface "like cannonballs," says Abbas, arcing kilometers above the moon until gravity makes them fall back again to the ground. The moon may have a virtual atmosphere of this flying dust, sticking to astronauts from above and below.
Or so the theory goes.
But do grains of lunar dust truly become positively charged when illuminated by ultraviolet light? If so, which grains are most affected--big grains or little grains? And what does moondust do when it's charged?
These are questions Abbas is investigating in his "Dusty Plasma Laboratory" at the National Space Science and Technology Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Along with colleagues Paul Craven and doctoral student Dragana Tankosic, Abbas injects a single grain of lunar dust into a chamber and "catches" it using electric force fields. (The injector gives the grain a slight charge, allowing it to be handled by electric fields.) With the grain held suspended literally in mid-air, they "pump the chamber down to 10-5 torr to simulate lunar vacuum."
Next comes the mesmerizing part: Abbas shines a UV laser on the grain. As expected, the dust gets "charged up" and it starts to move. By adjusting the chamber's electric fields with painstaking care, Abbas can keep the grain centered; he can measure its changing charge and explore its fascinating characteristics.
Like the Apollo astronauts, Abbas has already discovered some surprises--even though his experiment is not yet half done.
"We've found two things," says Abbas. "First, ultraviolet light charges moondust 10 times more than theory predicts. Second, bigger grains (1 to 2 micrometers across) charge up more than smaller grains (0.5 micrometer), just the opposite of what theory predicts."
Clearly, there's much to learn. For instance, what happens at night, when the sun sets and the UV light goes away?
That's the second half of Abbas's experiment, which he hopes to run in early 2006. Instead of shining a UV laser onto an individual lunar particle, he plans to bombard dust with a beam of electrons from an electron gun. Why electrons? Theory predicts that lunar dust may acquire negative charge at night, because it is bombarded by free electrons in the solar wind--that is, particles streaming from the sun that curve around behind the moon and hit the night-dark soil.
When Apollo astronauts visited the Moon 30+ years ago, they landed in daylight and departed before sunset. They never stayed the night, so what happened to moondust after dark didn't matter. This will change: The next generation of explorers will remain much longer than Apollo astronauts did, eventually setting up a permanant outpost. They'll need to know, how does moondust behave around the clock?
Courtesy of NASA

The surface of the Moon is covered in powdery gray dust that caused unforeseen problems for NASA astronauts. Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison "Jack" Schmitt took this picture of Eugene Cernan during their third and last walk on the lunar surface in December of 1972.
Bates researchers eye proton therapy for cancer
Bates researchers eye proton therapy for cancer
"We at Bates are excited to participate in a collaboration to improve proton beam therapy with the objective of more effective cancer treatment worldwide," said Robert Redwine, director of Bates and a professor of physics at MIT. The work will be performed under Redwine's direction. Bates is a part of MIT's Laboratory for Nuclear Science.
Vodafone UK enterprise director Jioned
Vodafone appoints new enterprise director New Vodafone UK enterprise director Nortel's Peter Kelly will report to UK chief executive Nick Read and sit on the UK board. Kelly has spent the last 17 years at Nortel and most recently as president of enterprise for the EMEA region. He has extensive experience in sales, marketing and strategic management.
Nortel's Peter Kelly said that- "Vodafone UK is a rapidly evolving, world-class business with all the credentials to lead in the 'total communications' space. I'm delighted to be joining the organisation at such a dynamic time. It's an exciting place to be and I relish the challenges ahead of me." Acting enterprise director Mark Bond will support Kelly to ensure a successful transition over the next weeks, and will remain a member of the senior leadership team.
Nortel's Peter Kelly joins as Vodafone UK enterprise director.He is on the post replacing Kyle Whitehill who joined Vodafone Essar in this year.Kelly officially replaces Kyle Whitehill, who moved to chief operating officer up Vodafone Essar in India in February.
Problems with Nokia N95 Cellular Phone
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Problem :
no tools for application settings, infrared and radio tools. USB were not detected by the computer.
Solution :
The N95 works after all. Just download mt6227 usb driver from the internet and also pc sync. For the COM port, try different COM ports through the nokia pc suite and at least one of them will work.
Problem :
My chinese clone of N95 is continuously restarting with SIM and its bluetooth is also not working,tried restore factory settings but of no use.Any suggestions??
Solution :
Hi for drivers and PC Sync Suite go to http://www.chinamanuals.com
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Exclusive: David Cook Turns the 'Light On' His Debut Single
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American Idol' has catapulted a smattering of America's stars into the limelight. The most recent 'AI' winner, David Cook, is next with the premiere of the first single, 'Light On,' off of his unnamed album. The tune was produced by Grammy-winning producer Rob Cavallo (Green Day, Kid Rock) and is scheduled for iTunes release on Sept. 30. Listen to 'Light On' below.
The spirit of RAMADAN
Happy Ramadan ,
what should happen during Ramadan, a month-long exercise for Muslims to avoid misconduct.
During fasting month, I hope that we, Muslims, carry out introspection so that after Ramadan we will be able to stay away from any negative things and we can start our lives like a newly born baby -- free from sin.
DONY
Depok, West Java
We, Indonesians, have learned many things in the last ten years in trying to strengthen our national character and fix our mistakes committed in the past.
This Ramadan, we, especially muslims as the majority, have to contemplate our behavior of previous years.
Have we understood thoroughly and implemented our Islamic teachings correctly, as written in the holy Koran and prophet Muhammad's guide?
These contain the spirit for helping and loving others without discrimination, hatred or dishonesty.
I hope during the fasting month, Muslims can really change their bad ways to good, particularly in their behavior and attitudes.
In this holy month of Ramadan, Muslims, whoever they are and whatever they're doing, will be restructuring their entire life to become a better person.
It isn't just not eating and drinking, but also avoiding all causes that will break the fast such as bribery, smuggling, intimidation and other vices that ruin a person's life.
This should continue even after the month of Ramadan ends. This way we don't have to learn the hard way how to be a better person; we just do as our religion tells us and the results will be overwhelmingly good for this country.
One main point of Ramadan is "honesty". By fasting a Muslim is urged to be honest to him/herself. A good Muslim will not break his/her fast although no one is watching him/her.
He/she realizes that fasting is really a form of personal worship to God and only God is able to judge whether the fasting is good or not. He/she realizes that God always keeps an eye on him/her.
After Ramadan we can expect that Muslims in this country will be reminded to be honest in all aspects of life. If the people and the leaders are to be honest with him/her self and believe God always keeps an eye on him/her, then hopefully the misconducts in this country will be lessened.
What's the point in restraining yourself when you will be acting wrong the rest of the year?
Ramadan is a time to serve and respect others instead of being served and respected by others. Happy fasting for Muslims.
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Apurbo's Eid plans
With his bedroom eyes and pensive looks, Apurbo has won the hearts of many TV viewers. One of the busiest actors now, Apurbo looks forward to Eid. Indeed, it's only during the Eid vacation when he gets to relax and unwind with family and friends. The model turned actor talked to The Daily Star recently about his Eid plans.
Talking about Eid-special TV plays, Apurbo says, "I've worked in five plays directed by Ferdaus Hassan: Lokkhi Tera, Apod Bidaye, Aj Robibar, Madhumita and Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. Most of the plays are comedies. However, I play diverse characters. In Apod Bidaye, I play a rural character with a passion for Bangla films.Linkin Park Lyrics
In The End Lyrics In Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, my character is speech impaired. In the more serious Madhumita, I play the character of a ghar jamai (a man who stays with his in-laws). I enjoyed working in all of them. "There are two plays directed by Chayanaika Chowdhury, titled Hypocrite and Meyetir Chokhey Chheletir Bhalobasha. My role in the former was quite challenging. Directed by Arif Khan and written by Badrul Anam Soud, the play Chander Aloye Koyekjon Jubok is another notable play this Eid. It is an adaptation of a Humayun Ahmed novel. All the plays will be aired on different TV channels on the occasion of Eid." As Apurbo has been busy shooting for the Eid specials, he looks forward to stay home and relax during the holiday. "My Eid schedule includes going to the mosque for the Eid prayers with my brothers and father, meeting my neighbours and friends. I will also catch up with relatives whom I haven't meet in a while because of my busy schedule. Otherwise, my uncles, aunts and others might forget me," says Apurbo in a lighter vein. "Will keep the next day exclusively for my friends. Besides I will entertain the guests who come to our home," adds the actor. About his Eid clothes, Apurba has a definite response: "Of course it will be a panjabi, one of my favourite attires. The colour and material will depend on the weather. If it is a hot day, I prefer white. May be in the evening I will wear something dark, something eye-catching if I go to a party. Actually I always try to go casual. I also have many gifts to choose from, especially what my mother has bought for me." "What is most encouraging, is to see how local designers have captured the fancies of the consumers," says the busy actor.
Apurbo's Eid plans
With his bedroom eyes and pensive looks, Apurbo has won the hearts of many TV viewers. One of the busiest actors now, Apurbo looks forward to Eid. Indeed, it's only during the Eid vacation when he gets to relax and unwind with family and friends. The model turned actor talked to The Daily Star recently about his Eid plans.
Talking about Eid-special TV plays, Apurbo says, "I've worked in five plays directed by Ferdaus Hassan: Lokkhi Tera, Apod Bidaye, Aj Robibar, Madhumita and Sa Re Ga Ma Pa. Most of the plays are comedies. However, I play diverse characters. In Apod Bidaye, I play a rural character with a passion for Bangla films. In Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, my character is speech impaired. In the more serious Madhumita, I play the character of a ghar jamai (a man who stays with his in-laws). I enjoyed working in all of them.
"There are two plays directed by Chayanaika Chowdhury, titled Hypocrite and Meyetir Chokhey Chheletir Bhalobasha. My role in the former was quite challenging. Directed by Arif Khan and written by Badrul Anam Soud, the play Chander Aloye Koyekjon Jubok is another notable play this Eid. It is an adaptation of a Humayun Ahmed novel. All the plays will be aired on different TV channels on the occasion of Eid."
As Apurbo has been busy shooting for the Eid specials, he looks forward to stay home and relax during the holiday. "My Eid schedule includes going to the mosque for the Eid prayers with my brothers and father, meeting my neighbours and friends. I will also catch up with relatives whom I haven't meet in a while because of my busy schedule. Otherwise, my uncles, aunts and others might forget me," says Apurbo in a lighter vein. "Will keep the next day exclusively for my friends. Besides I will entertain the guests who come to our home," adds the actor.
About his Eid clothes, Apurba has a definite response: "Of course it will be a panjabi, one of my favourite attires. The colour and material will depend on the weather. If it is a hot day, I prefer white. May be in the evening I will wear something dark, something eye-catching if I go to a party. Actually I always try to go casual. I also have many gifts to choose from, especially what my mother has bought for me."
"What is most encouraging, is to see how local designers have captured the fancies of the consumers," says the busy actor.
Bridging film and photography
As art forms, film and photography are very much related to each other in many ways. Independent filmmaker and photographer Molla Sagar's recent weeklong solo photography exhibition and premiere show of a series of his three short films seem to bridge the two mediums. The exhibition and screenings are being held at Alliance Francaise de Dacca, Dhanmondi (starting from September 19). The event is titled "Shapna" (Dream). Sagar has combined images and visions and worked on a common theme.
The photographs and films are the fruit of a five-year project (from 2003 to 2008). Sagar's works basically feature the socio-cultural aspects of Bangladesh. He has traversed throughout the country while working on this project.
In his short films, Sagar addresses the dream of a positive Bangladesh through the protagonists' eyes, most of whom are rural people. Sagar has even done close shots of a chicken and a goat's eyes, which have turned out to be interesting.
The short films (each about five minute-long) titled The Dream, Harmony of the Dream and Sound of Dream were shot in DV format.
The first film of the series, The Dream, depicts some common yet scattered incidents that occur to a group of pilgrims. The second film, Harmony of the Dream, is about linking the previous incidents with the third film, Sound of Dream; the latter depicts the joys and woes of a speech and hearing-impaired gypsy girl. Sagar is also the cinematographer and editor of the films.
Sagar's photographs depict different aspects of Bangladesh more boldly. Some 25 photographs are on display at the exhibition. The photographs are in 33mm, 120 mm and digital formats.
Colour composition in Sagar's photographs is notable. In a photograph titled Politics, Sagar has created a contrast of light purple and blue. Several empty chairs under the sky symbolically represent the title of the photo.
Light, a photo in 120 mm format, highlights an unusually peaceful city street during dusk. The photographer has played with light and shadows stylishly.
Another photograph, Cows, shows a number of the domesticated animals on a seemingly vacant street during rain. The colour of the photo depicts the rainwater seeping through the trees and washing away the green before touching the ground.
Several other photographs titled Dancing, Woman, Shadow 1 and Rebel highlight the theme through some shared activities and surroundings.
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On September 10 at 9am CEST, the first test of the most controversial experiment of the century was held in Geneva, Switzerland. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is, simply, the largest particle accelerator ever built, a massive scientific achievement dedicated to unveiling obscurities in our modern conception of the universe
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The Big Bang theory
The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator complex, intended to collide opposing beams of protons (one of several types of hadrons) with very high kinetic energy. Its main purpose is to explore the validity and limitations of the Standard Model, the current theoretical picture for particle physics. It is theorized that the collider will confirm the existence of the Higgs boson. This would supply a crucial missing link in the Standard Model and explain how other elementary particles acquire properties such as mass.
The History of Computers
"Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. This series covers many of the major milestones in computer history (but not all of them) with a concentration on the history of personal home computers.
Computer History Year/Enter Computer History Inventors/Inventions Computer History Description of Event 1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer First freely programmable computer. 1942 John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry ABC Computer Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC. 1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper Harvard Mark I Computer The Harvard Mark 1 computer. 1946 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly ENIAC 1 Computer 20,000 vacuum tubes later... 1948 Frederic Williams & Tom Kilburn Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories. 1947/48 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley The Transistor No, a transistor is not a computer, but this invention greatly affected the history of computers. 1951 John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly UNIVAC Computer First commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners. 1953 International Business Machines IBM 701 EDPM Computer IBM enters into 'The History of Computers'. 1954 John Backus & IBM FORTRAN Computer Programming Language The first successful high level programming language. 1955 (In Use 1959) Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric ERMA and MICR The first bank industry computer - also MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) for reading checks. 1958 Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce The Integrated Circuit Otherwise known as 'The Chip' 1962 Steve Russell & MIT Spacewar Computer Game The first computer game invented. 1964 Douglas Engelbart Computer Mouse & Windows Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end. 1969 ARPAnet The original Internet. 1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory The world's first available dynamic RAM chip. 1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor The first microprocessor. 1971 Alan Shugart &IBM The "Floppy" Disk Nicknamed the "Floppy" for its flexibility. 1973 Robert Metcalfe & Xerox The Ethernet Computer Networking Networking. 1974/75 Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair & IBM 5100 Computers The first consumer computers. 1976/77 Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet Computers More first consumer computers. 1978 Dan Bricklin & Bob Frankston VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner. 1979 Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby WordStar Software Word Processors. 1981 IBM The IBM PC - Home Computer From an "Acorn" grows a personal computer revolution 1981 Microsoft MS-DOS Computer Operating System From "Quick And Dirty" comes the operating system of the century. 1983 Apple Lisa Computer The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface. 1984 Apple Macintosh Computer The more affordable home computer with a GUI. 1985 Microsoft Windows Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple. SERIES TO BE CONTINUED
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